Louisville, Ky. Ryrie, Alec. Rosi, Bruno Goncalves. Robb S. Protestant Reformation [electronic resource]. Other articles in Events. Want to support the Free Speech Center? Donate Now. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. Boston: Beacon Press, Cairns, Earle. Christianity through the Centuries. In the north, burghers and monarchs were united in their frustration for not paying any taxes to the nation, but collecting taxes from subjects and sending the revenues disproportionately to the pope in Italy.
The first of a series of disruptive and new perspectives came from John Wycliffe at Oxford University, one of the earliest opponents of papal authority influencing secular power and an early advocate for translation of the Bible into the common language.
Jan Hus at the University of Prague was a follower of Wycliffe and similarly objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Hus wanted liturgy in the language of the people i. Czech , married priests, and to eliminate indulgences and the idea of purgatory. Hus spoke out against indulgences in when he delivered an address entitled Quaestio magistri Johannis Hus de indulgentiis. Hus asserted that no pope or bishop had the right to take up the sword in the name of the Church; he should pray for his enemies and bless those that curse him; man obtains forgiveness of sins by true repentance, not money.
The doctors of the theological faculty replied, but without success. Hus, they said, should be obeyed rather than the Church, which they considered a fraudulent mob of adulterers and Simonists. In response, three men from the lower classes who openly called the indulgences a fraud were beheaded. They were later considered the first martyrs of the Hussite Church.
In the meantime, the faculty had condemned the forty-five articles and added several other theses, deemed heretical, that had originated with Hus. Recommended for you. How the Troubles Began in Northern Ireland. The English Reformation. Mario Savio on the Fight for Educational Reform.
Jimmy Hoffa on Prison Reform. Clinton on Healthcare Reform. Christianity Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with more than 2 billion followers. How the Renaissance Challenged the Church and Influenced the Reformation The Renaissance, roughly spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, marked a time of cultural, intellectual and scientific advances.
The Puritans The Puritans were members of a religious reform movement known as Puritanism that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century. The Bible The Bible is the holy scripture of the Christian religion, purporting to tell the history of the Earth from its earliest creation to the spread of Christianity in the first century A.
Indulgences could be sold on behalf of departed friends or loved ones, and many indulgence salesmen used that pressure to great effect.
Enter Martin Luther. A Catholic monk in Wittenberg, Luther found himself disillusioned by the practices of the church he loved. If God really did send his only son, Jesus, to die on the cross for the sins of mankind, then why were indulgences even necessary?
In autumn whether the actual date of October 31 is accurate is debatable , Luther nailed his 95 theses — most of the 95 points in the document, which was framed in the then-common style of academic debate, objections to the practice of indulgences — to a Wittenberg church door.
His intent was to spark a debate within his church over a reformation of Catholicism. Instead, Luther and those who followed him found themselves at the forefront of a new religious movement known as Lutheranism. By , Luther had been excommunicated by the Catholic Church. Soon after, he found himself at the Diet council of the city of Worms, on trial for heresy under the authority of the very Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. At that council, the emperor declared Luther to be an outlaw and demanded his arrest.
The answer has as much to do with politics as with religion. And when a prince converted, his entire principality was seen to have converted too. It originally referred to a number of German princes who formally protested an imperial ban on Martin Luther, before becoming a more general term for reformers who founded movements outside the Catholic Church.
Meanwhile, Luther was able to spread his ideas more quickly than ever before due to one vital new piece of technology: the printing press. For the first time in human history, vast amounts of information could be transmitted and shared easily with a great number of people. The relationship between Luther and the printing press was actually a symbiotic one : The more popular Luther became, the more print shops spread up across Europe to meet demand. While earlier would-be reformers, such as John Hus, had been burned at the stake for heresy, getting rid of someone as widely known as Luther was far more politically risky.
Something that began as a relatively narrow and academic debate over the church selling indulgences significantly changed Western culture. Luther opened the floodgates for other reformers. Although Luther can be said to have started the Reformation, he was one of many reformers whose legacy lives on in different Protestant traditions. Switzerland saw the rise of John Calvin whose own Protestant denomination, Calvinism, bears his name.
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